Leef Brands Files S-1 for Resale; Eyes Vertical Integration, Cost Cuts
Ticker: LEEEF · Form: S-1 · Filed: Aug 26, 2025 · CIK: 1711141
Sentiment: mixed
Topics: Cannabis, S-1 Filing, Vertical Integration, California Market, Extraction, Cultivation, Emerging Growth Company
Related Tickers: LEEEF
TL;DR
**LEEEF is doubling down on vertical integration to slash costs and dominate California's cannabis extraction market, but this S-1 is for existing shareholders, not new capital for the company.**
AI Summary
Leef Brands Inc. (LEEEF), a British Columbia corporation, filed an S-1 on August 26, 2025, for the resale of common stock by existing security holders, with the company not receiving any proceeds from these sales. The company, formerly Icanic Brands Company Inc., became Leef Brands Inc. on April 20, 2022, after acquiring LEEF Holdings, Inc., a California-based cannabis extraction company. LEEF operates a vertically integrated cannabis platform, including a 12,000 square foot extraction and manufacturing facility and a 1,900-acre 'trophy' property in Santa Barbara County, where 65 acres were planted in 2025. This cultivation strategy is projected to reduce input costs by an estimated 40-60%. The company's extraction lines (ethanol, solventless, hydrocarbon) saw expansions in early 2025, boosting capacity by 66%, 50%, and 38% respectively, positioning LEEF as a key supplier in California's $4.2 billion legal cannabis market. The Salisbury Canyon Ranch property was independently valued at approximately $40 million, nearly double the company's market capitalization. LEEF's revenue model focuses on bulk B2B concentrate supply and white-label agreements with over 250 farms. The company faces risks including regulatory inconsistency, oversupply in mature markets, and competition from the illicit market.
Why It Matters
This S-1 filing signals Leef Brands' intent to facilitate liquidity for existing shareholders, but notably, the company itself will not receive direct capital from these sales, which could impact future growth funding. For investors, the independent valuation of Salisbury Canyon Ranch at $40 million, nearly double the company's market cap, highlights significant underlying asset value in a competitive cannabis market. The strategic shift to vertical integration, with 65 acres planted in 2025 and projected 40-60% cost reductions, positions Leef to potentially gain a competitive edge against rivals facing high input costs in California's saturated market. Employees and customers could benefit from a more stable and efficient supply chain, while the broader market watches how Leef navigates federal cannabis illegality and state-level oversupply.
Risk Assessment
Risk Level: high — The S-1 explicitly states, 'Investing in our shares of common stock involves a high degree of risk. See 'Risk Factors' beginning on page 7.' Key risks include the cannabis industry's federal illegality, regulatory inconsistency across states, market oversupply leading to price compression (retail prices down ~32% since 2021), and persistent illicit market competition. These factors create significant operational and financial uncertainties for Leef Brands Inc.
Analyst Insight
Investors should carefully review the 'Risk Factors' section starting on page 7, particularly concerning regulatory hurdles and market saturation in California. Given the company will not receive proceeds from this S-1, potential investors should assess Leef's current cash position and ability to fund its ambitious 187-acre cultivation expansion by 2027 without new equity dilution, despite the $40 million asset valuation.
Financial Highlights
- debt To Equity
- Not Disclosed
- revenue
- Not Disclosed
- operating Margin
- Not Disclosed
- total Assets
- Not Disclosed
- total Debt
- Not Disclosed
- net Income
- Not Disclosed
- eps
- Not Disclosed
- gross Margin
- Not Disclosed
- cash Position
- Not Disclosed
- revenue Growth
- Not Disclosed
Revenue Breakdown
| Segment | Revenue | Growth |
|---|---|---|
| Bulk B2B Concentrate Supply | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed |
| White-label Agreements | Not Disclosed | Not Disclosed |
Key Numbers
- $0.17 — Last reported price of common stock (As of August 18, 2025, on the OTC)
- $40 million — Independent valuation of Salisbury Canyon Ranch (Nearly double the Company's market cap, highlighting tangible asset value)
- 1,900 acres — Size of Salisbury Canyon Ranch property (Acquired in Santa Barbara County in 2023 for cultivation)
- 65 acres — Initial cultivation planted (Planted in 2025 on Salisbury Canyon Ranch, marking a pivotal shift)
- 187 acres — Anticipated full-scale cultivation (Expected by 2027, expanding from initial 65 acres)
- 40-60% — Estimated reduction in input costs (Achieved by growing own biomass through vertical integration)
- 12,000 sq ft — Size of extraction and manufacturing facility (Located in California, with significant throughput)
- 1 million lbs — Annual concentrate production capacity (From state-of-the-art closed-loop facilities)
- 66% — Ethanol extraction capacity increase (Executed in early 2025 as part of facility expansions)
- $4.2 billion — Size of California's legal cannabis market (LEEF is positioned as a key supplier with presence in nearly half of product categories)
Key Players & Entities
- Leef Brands Inc. (company) — Registrant and cannabis branded products manufacturer
- Micah Anderson (person) — Chief Executive Officer of Leef Brands, Inc.
- Jason R. Wisniewski, Esq. (person) — Legal counsel from Ferguson Braswell Fraser Kubasta PC
- LEEF Holdings, Inc. (company) — Acquired cannabis extraction company
- Icanic Brands Company Inc. (company) — Former name of Leef Brands Inc.
- Securities and Exchange Commission (regulator) — Regulatory body for S-1 filing
- British Columbia (regulator) — Jurisdiction of incorporation for Leef Brands Inc.
- Salisbury Canyon Ranch (company) — 1,900-acre property owned by Leef Brands Inc.
- The OTC Market Group, Inc.'s Pink Current Information tier (company) — Current trading market for LEEEF common stock
- Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (regulator) — Legislation defining 'emerging growth company'
FAQ
What is Leef Brands Inc.'s primary business model in the cannabis industry?
Leef Brands Inc. operates as a vertically integrated cannabis extraction and manufacturing operator based in California. Its primary revenue model centers on bulk B2B concentrate supply, powering major brands across California, and forging white-label agreements with over 250 farms.
How does Leef Brands Inc. plan to reduce its operational costs?
Leef Brands Inc. plans to significantly reduce operational costs by leveraging its 1,900-acre Salisbury Canyon Ranch for cultivation. By growing its own biomass, the company anticipates cutting raw material costs by an estimated 40-60%, thereby boosting margins and gaining full supply-chain control.
What is the significance of the Salisbury Canyon Ranch for Leef Brands Inc.?
The Salisbury Canyon Ranch is a 1,900-acre 'trophy' property in Santa Barbara County, acquired in 2023. It is pivotal for Leef Brands Inc.'s vertical integration strategy, with 65 acres planted in 2025 and an independent valuation of approximately $40 million, nearly double the company's market capitalization.
What are the key risks associated with investing in Leef Brands Inc.?
Key risks for Leef Brands Inc. include the federal illegality of cannabis, regulatory inconsistencies across states, market oversupply and price compression in mature markets like California (retail prices down ~32% since 2021), and persistent competition from the illicit market, as detailed in the 'Risk Factors' section starting on page 7.
Will Leef Brands Inc. receive any proceeds from the S-1 offering?
No, Leef Brands Inc. will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock by the selling security holders under this prospectus. The company will only receive the exercise price from cash exercises of Purchase Warrants, totaling approximately $X.
What is Leef Brands Inc.'s current trading status and ticker symbol?
Leef Brands Inc.'s common stock is quoted on The OTC Market Group, Inc.'s Pink Current Information tier, or the OTC, under the symbol 'LEEEF'. The last reported price of its common stock on August 18, 2025, was $0.17 per share.
How has Leef Brands Inc. expanded its extraction capabilities?
In early 2025, Leef Brands Inc. executed expansions across all three of its extraction lines: ethanol (+66%), solventless (+50%), and hydrocarbon (+38%). These expansions boosted overall capacity, allowing the company to produce over 1 million lbs of concentrates annually.
What is the company's long-term cultivation goal for Salisbury Canyon Ranch?
Leef Brands Inc.'s long-term cultivation goal for Salisbury Canyon Ranch is to reach full-scale cultivation of 187 acres by 2027. This expansion from the initial 65 acres planted in 2025 is central to its vertical integration strategy.
What is Leef Brands Inc.'s corporate history?
Leef Brands Inc. was founded as Leef Holdings in July 2018 in La Jolla, California. On April 20, 2022, it effectively merged with Icanic Brands, Inc., a publicly listed Canadian company, and began operating as Leef Brands, Inc., a British Columbia Corporation.
What are the regulatory challenges facing Leef Brands Inc. as a cannabis company?
As a cannabis company, Leef Brands Inc. faces significant regulatory challenges, including cannabis remaining a Schedule I drug under federal law, which creates hurdles for banking, taxation (280E), and interstate commerce. There is also regulatory inconsistency and a patchwork of laws across different states and countries.
Risk Factors
- Inconsistent Regulatory Environment [high — regulatory]: The legal cannabis industry operates under a patchwork of state-level regulations, with federal prohibition creating significant challenges. This inconsistency impacts banking, taxation (280E), and interstate commerce, creating uncertainty for businesses like LEEF.
- Market Oversupply and Competition [high — market]: Mature cannabis markets, such as California's $4.2 billion legal market, face risks of oversupply. LEEF also competes with the illicit market, which can undercut pricing and capture market share.
- Cultivation and Extraction Scalability [medium — operational]: While LEEF has expanded extraction capacity by 66% (ethanol), 50% (solventless), and 38% (hydrocarbon) and plans to scale cultivation to 187 acres by 2027, achieving these targets and maintaining operational efficiency at scale presents inherent risks.
- Reliance on Private Placements [medium — financial]: The company has focused on strengthening its balance sheet through private placements to support extraction scalability and ranch deployment. Future funding needs and the success of these placements are critical.
- Federal Illegality of Cannabis [high — legal]: Cannabis remains a Schedule I drug under federal law in the U.S., creating significant legal and financial hurdles, including banking access and tax implications under Section 280E.
Industry Context
The legal cannabis industry is characterized by a fragmented regulatory landscape, with state-level legalization creating a complex operating environment. While medical and adult-use markets are expanding globally, federal prohibition in the U.S. continues to pose significant challenges related to banking, taxation (280E), and interstate commerce. Emerging trends include consolidation, increased focus on efficiency, and the potential impact of federal policy changes like rescheduling or the SAFE Banking Act.
Regulatory Implications
LEEF operates within California's $4.2 billion legal cannabis market, which is subject to evolving state regulations. The federal illegality of cannabis creates inherent risks, including limited access to traditional banking services and unfavorable tax treatment under Section 280E. The company's success is tied to navigating these complex and often inconsistent regulatory frameworks.
What Investors Should Do
- Monitor regulatory developments
- Assess cultivation ramp-up and cost savings
- Evaluate extraction capacity utilization
- Analyze competitive positioning
- Review asset valuation against market cap
Key Dates
- 1996-XX-XX: California's Prop 215 Legalized Medical Cannabis — Marks the beginning of state-level cannabis legalization in the U.S., setting a precedent for future reforms.
- 2018-XX-XX: Canada Legalized Adult-Use Cannabis — A major milestone in North America, demonstrating a shift towards broader legalization and creating a large, regulated market.
- 2022-04-20: Company Renamed Leef Brands Inc. — Reflects the acquisition of LEEF Holdings, Inc. and the strategic shift towards a vertically integrated cannabis platform.
- 2023-XX-XX: Acquisition of 1,900-acre Salisbury Canyon Ranch — Secured a significant land asset for large-scale cultivation, a key component of the company's vertical integration strategy.
- 2025-01-XX: Extraction Capacity Expansions Completed — Boosted ethanol extraction by 66%, solventless by 50%, and hydrocarbon by 38%, increasing overall capacity to over 1 million lbs of concentrates annually.
- 2025-08-26: S-1 Filing for Resale of Common Stock — Allows existing security holders to sell shares, providing liquidity without direct proceeds to the company.
Glossary
- Vertically Integrated
- A business model where a company controls multiple stages of its supply chain, from production to distribution. (LEEF operates cultivation, extraction, and manufacturing, giving it control over costs and quality.)
- Biomass
- The raw plant material, typically cannabis flower and trim, used for extraction. (Growing its own biomass is key to LEEF's strategy to reduce input costs by 40-60%.)
- Closed-loop Facilities
- Extraction systems that recover and reuse solvents, improving efficiency and reducing environmental impact. (LEEF utilizes these for its concentrate production, indicating advanced and potentially cost-effective processing.)
- B2B Concentrate Supply
- Business-to-business sales of cannabis concentrates to other companies, such as brands or manufacturers. (This is LEEF's primary revenue model, supplying bulk concentrates to major brands.)
- White-label Agreements
- Contracts where a company manufactures products for another brand to sell under its own name. (LEEF engages in this to leverage its manufacturing capacity and expand its customer base.)
- Section 280E
- A section of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code that prohibits businesses from deducting ordinary business expenses if they are involved in trafficking Schedule I or II controlled substances. (This significantly impacts the profitability of cannabis businesses operating in the U.S. due to limited tax deductions.)
- SAFE Banking Act
- Proposed U.S. legislation that would protect financial institutions from being penalized for providing banking services to legitimate cannabis businesses. (Passage of this act could alleviate significant banking challenges faced by companies like LEEF.)
Year-Over-Year Comparison
This S-1 filing represents a significant evolution for Leef Brands Inc. compared to its prior status as Icanic Brands Company Inc. The company has completed a strategic acquisition and rebranding, establishing a vertically integrated cannabis platform. Key developments include the acquisition of the Salisbury Canyon Ranch, initiation of large-scale cultivation (65 acres planted in 2025, targeting 187 acres by 2027), and substantial expansions to extraction capacity across multiple lines. These moves are aimed at reducing input costs by an estimated 40-60% and solidifying its position in the California market. New risks related to scaling cultivation and managing a more complex, integrated operation are likely present, alongside the ongoing challenges of the cannabis industry's regulatory environment.
Filing Stats: 4,453 words · 18 min read · ~15 pages · Grade level 14.1 · Accepted 2025-08-26 20:21:26
Key Financial Figures
- $0.00 — ___________ shares of our common stock, $0.00 par value per share, or common stock, w
- $0.17 — ur common stock on August 18, 2025, was $0.17 per share. Investing in our shares of
- $4.2billion — LEEF as a key supplier in California's $4.2billion legal cannabis market, with presence in
- $40million — Salisbury Canyon Ranch at approximately $40million—nearly double the Company's market cap—
- $1.07 b — total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to
- $700 million — that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the
- $1.0 billion — date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prio
- $700.0 million — a result of this offering is less than $700.0 million and our annual revenue is less than $10
- $100.0 million — ion and our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fisc
- $250.0 million — ock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million or (ii) our annual revenue is less than
- $700.0 million — ock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million. If we are a smaller reporting company
Filing Documents
- forms-1.htm (S-1) — 3870KB
- ex3-1.htm (EX-3.1) — 494KB
- ex4-1.htm (EX-4.1) — 3KB
- ex5-1.htm (EX-5.1) — 11KB
- ex10-2.htm (EX-10.2) — 95KB
- ex10-3.htm (EX-10.3) — 85KB
- ex10-4.htm (EX-10.4) — 7922KB
- ex21-1.htm (EX-21.1) — 11KB
- ex23-1.htm (EX-23.1) — 4KB
- ex107.htm (EX-FILING FEES) — 20KB
- forms-1_001.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 19KB
- forms-1_002.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 7KB
- forms-1_003.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 9KB
- forms-1_004.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 7KB
- forms-1_005.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 9KB
- forms-1_006.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 16KB
- ex23-1_001.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 19KB
- ex3-1_001.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 4KB
- ex3-1_003.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 9KB
- ex3-1_002.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 3KB
- ex3-1_004.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 5KB
- ex4-1_001.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 469KB
- ex4-1_002.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 120KB
- s_001.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 3KB
- pg101-150_001.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 43KB
- pg101-150_002.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 14KB
- pg101-150_003.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 267KB
- pg251-300_001.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 22KB
- pg251-300_002.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 12KB
- pg301-351_005.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 621KB
- pg301-351_006.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 563KB
- pg301-351_007.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 567KB
- pg301-351_008.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 391KB
- sign_001.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 2KB
- image_496pg.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 104KB
- ex10-4_013.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 443KB
- ex10-4_014.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 305KB
- ex10-4_015.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 471KB
- ex10-4_016.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 254KB
- ex10-4_017.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 362KB
- ex10-4_018.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 354KB
- ex10-4_019.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 454KB
- ex10-4_020.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 506KB
- ex10-4_021.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 464KB
- ex10-4_022.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 533KB
- ex10-4_023.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 545KB
- ex10-4_024.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 433KB
- ex10-4_025.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 425KB
- ex10-4_026.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 542KB
- ex10-4_027.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 579KB
- ex10-4_028.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 606KB
- ex10-4_029.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 402KB
- ex10-4_030.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 328KB
- ex10-4_031.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 385KB
- pg596-650_001.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 367KB
- pg651-700_001.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 532KB
- pg651-700_002.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 215KB
- pg651-700_003.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 484KB
- pg651-700_004.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 535KB
- pg651-700_005.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 603KB
- pg651-700_006.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 495KB
- pg651-700_007.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 685KB
- pg651-700_008.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 604KB
- pg651-700_009.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 659KB
- pg651-700_010.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 660KB
- pg651-700_011.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 577KB
- pg651-700_012.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 429KB
- pg651-700_013.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 645KB
- pg651-700_014.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 879KB
- pg651-700_015.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 683KB
- pg651-700_016.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 748KB
- pg651-700_017.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 647KB
- pg651-700_018.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 259KB
- pg724_001.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 6KB
- pg724_002.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 2KB
- pg724_003.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 7KB
- pg724_004.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 10KB
- pg724_005.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 5KB
- pg746-759_001.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 36KB
- pg746-759_002.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 22KB
- pg746-759_003.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 2381KB
- pg746-759_004.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 2377KB
- ex10-4_035.jpg (GRAPHIC) — 5KB
- 0001641172-25-025591.txt ( ) — 65004KB
- leeef-20250630.xsd (EX-101.SCH) — 95KB
- leeef-20250630_cal.xml (EX-101.CAL) — 107KB
- leeef-20250630_def.xml (EX-101.DEF) — 464KB
- leeef-20250630_lab.xml (EX-101.LAB) — 692KB
- leeef-20250630_pre.xml (EX-101.PRE) — 619KB
- forms-1_htm.xml (XML) — 4145KB
- ex107_htm.xml (XML) — 4KB
RISK FACTORS
RISK FACTORS 7 CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS 28
USE OF PROCEEDS
USE OF PROCEEDS 29 DIVIDEND POLICY 29
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS 32 MANAGEMENT 49
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION 52
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT 56 MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES TO NON-U.S. HOLDERS 58 SELLING SECURITY HOLDERS 62 PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION 64 LEGAL MATTERS 65 EXPERTS 65 WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION 65 INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS F-1 i ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS You should rely only on the information contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We have not authorized any person to provide you with different or inconsistent information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. This is not an offer to sell or seeking an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference is accurate only as of their respective dates. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since such dates. We further note that the representations, warranties and covenants made by us in any document that is filed as an exhibit to the registration of the parties to such agreement, including, in some cases, for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to such agreements, and should not be deemed to be a representation, warranty or covenant to you. Moreover, such representations, warranties or covenants were accurate only as of the date when made. Accordingly, such representations, warranties and covenants should not be relied on as accurately representing the current state of our affairs. ii NOTE REGARDING INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA Within this prospectus, we reference information and statistics regarding the cannabis industry, and the cannabis marketplace. We have obtained this information and statistics from v
Business
Business LEEF is a vertically integrated cannabis extraction and manufacturing operator based in California. With cutting-edge processing facilities and a large-scale cultivation strategy, LEEF supports both B2B partnerships and brand-driven concentrate supply. Since acquiring a 1,900-acre "trophy" property in Santa Barbara County in 2023, LEEF has built a vertically integrated cannabis platform spanning cultivation, extraction, and manufacturing. LEEF's initial 65 acres of cultivation planted in 2025 on Salisbury Canyon Ranch mark a pivotal shift—allowing LEEF to grow its own biomass and reduce input costs by an estimated 40–60%; full-scale cultivation is anticipated to reach 187 acres by 2027. On the extraction front, the Company operates state-of-the-art closed-loop facilities capable of producing more than 1millionlbs of concentrates annually. In early 2025, it executed expansions across all three extraction lines—ethanol (+66%), solventless (+50%), and hydrocarbon (+38%)—boosting overall capacity and positioning LEEF as a key supplier in California's $4.2billion legal cannabis market, with presence in nearly half of product categories. LEEF's revenue model centers on bulk B2B concentrate supply, powering major brands across California while forging white-label agreements and partnerships with over 250 farms. This operational foundation has yielded growing revenues and margins since inception. The Company has taken a strategic focus to strengthen its balance sheet through private placements to support extraction scalability and ranch deployment . The independent valuation of Salisbury Canyon Ranch at approximately $40million—nearly double the Company's market cap—highlights the tangible value underlying its operations. In becoming a vertically integrated cannabis enterprise, we now own our own cultivation operation, continue to operate advanced extraction facilities, and focus on our largest revenue stream of B2B concentrate sales. With cost-efficien